Progression of Learning Across the Career

Develops Research-Based Instruction

Exploring & Aspiring

​Researches instructional design and/or *lesson planning models/practices in multiple contexts and compares different theories of design and/or planning practices

Preparing

Understands *research-based lesson planning models/practices, including the use of *theories and models of development and learning ​

Emerging

With a Mentor:
Uses *research-based lesson planning models/practices to plan lessons that include: (a) *lesson targets; (b) *activities, tasks, and experiences; (c) *research-based and/or *evidence-based strategies; and (d) methods for monitoring/communicating student progress towards meeting *lesson targets.

Developing

​Develops innovative instruction based on conducting and using action research that:  (a) emphasizes essential concepts of content; (b) uses supplementary primary sources; (c) connects to student experience and culture; (d) meets the unique needs of diverse learners; and/or promotes student inquiry and interdisciplinary approaches.

Mastering

​Coaches/Mentors aspiring, preparing, and/or emerging teachers on:
​designing research-based instruction that includes: (a) *research-based *lesson planning models/practices; (b) models of growth and developing; (c) application of theories of learning; (d) conducting and using *action research; and/or (c) student inquiry and interdisciplinary approaches.

Leading

Provides leadership, training, mentoring, resources, and supports for teachers and others
in the ​larger professional community to:
design instruction, including: (a) *research-based lesson planning models/practices; (b) models of growth and development; (c) application of theories of learning; (d) conducting and using *action research; and/or (c) student inquiry and interdisciplinary approaches. 

MTDS Glossary 

Action Research

​“a quest for knowledge about how to improve” - Ferrance, 2000, p. 2
When teachers engage in action research, they begin by asking themselves questions about their practice and impact on students,.  They imagine their ideal state or vision for themselves and their students. It is a self-reflective inquiry into their work with the goal of changing and improving their practice.  

Teachers gather information within the context of their environment in order to identify an area of improvement or change they would like to make.  They plan for the implementation of new strategies and methods of measuring their progress and observe themselves throughout the implementation, reflecting on progress and gathering evidence to support findings.  The teacher then reflects on the process and makes revisions for the future.  The process repeats over and over through cycles of self-assessment and adjustments to practice based on new understanding gained from the action research process.  The process includes planning, taking action, observing, reflective, and then planning again.  
*Image Credit:  McNiff & Whitehead, 2006

Research-Based Lesson Planning Models/Practices

Intentionally designing instruction to guide student learning towards mastery of learning goals is a main element of a teacher’s work. There are many ways teachers prepare learning for their students and teachers may prefer one lesson planning format or template over another. While each teacher must find what works best for them in how they organize their lesson plans, teachers should understand and follow research-based lesson planning models, which have been shown to lead to student success in learning and create what Driscoll & Carliner (2005) refer to as “a framework of thinking” (p.9).  Research-based lesson planning models are based on learning theories and are connected to educational philosophies. 

Some examples of research-based lesson planning models to consider are noted below: 
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Lesson Targets

A lesson target is a lesson-sized standards-based goal which can be accomplished within the timeframe of a single lesson period (1-3 days).   The lesson target guides instruction for teacher and students with both focusing on meeting the lesson target by the end of the period.  Lesson targets are specific, measurable, actionable, relevant, and timely (SMART).  Lesson targets are derived by unwrapping content standards and then used to:  (a) guide the development of formal and informal assessments; (b) plan instruction; and (c) facilitate self-directed student learning.  A lesson target provides students with a clear understanding of what they need to know and be able to do in order to be successful.  Some lesson targets (especially those that extend beyond 1 class period) may be accompanied by more detailed *success criteria.  Lesson targets are sometimes written as “I Can” statements. 

Theories of Learning

Understanding how students learn, acquire knowledge and skills, is fundamental to the role of a teacher.  There are many different theories of learning.  Some of the main theories worth investigating are:
  • Behaviorism Learning Theory
  • Cognitive Learning Theory
  • Connectivism Learning Theory (Siemens, 2004)
  • Constructivism Learning Theory
  • Humanism Learning Theory
  • Social Learning Theory
Missouri Teacher Development System 2020